April the 28 1863 California State and County of Sacramento Dear father and mother I take my pen in hand to let you know that I am well at present hoping these few lines may find you all enjoying the same blessing and I am anxious to hear from you all. I now have a man from Illinois with me. I have been working for some time but I expect to go at something better in the fall. I send a letter to Dennis Curran and I want to know why I did not get an answer. I would like father you would write to my brother Patrick and let me know how he is getting along and send me word how the rest of them is. I am trying all the time to arrange matters to come back before long. And let me know where to direct to my brother Patrick. I would like to know from all the friends and acquaintances. John Hannan Please send me answer as soon as you get this and direct to State of California, City and County of Sacramento, c/o Moore at present. My best respect to you all.

This letter reflects the emotional and practical ties maintained by immigrants with families in their home countries. Irish migration to California increased dramatically after the Great Famine of the 1840s. Letters home served as the primary means of maintaining family connections and often included updates on employment, health, and prospects for returning home. The writer’s hope of eventually returning reflects a common sentiment among early migrants who initially saw their journey as temporary rather than permanent settlement.

Historical Note

This letter was written during the American Civil War (1861–1865) but from California, which was far removed from the battlefield. Many immigrants in California during this period were: • Irish • Former Gold Rush workers • Laborers in mining, agriculture, or construction Sacramento was a major supply center for mining camps and agriculture in the Central Valley. The writer’s spelling and grammar suggest limited formal schooling, which was common among working-class immigrants of the period. Written in Sacramento County, California on April 28, 1863, this letter from immigrant laborer John Hannan to his parents describes his work situation and expresses his desire to hear news from home. The writer reports that he is currently employed but hopes to secure better work later in the year. He also asks about the wellbeing of family members and friends. Such letters offer valuable insight into the experiences of immigrants in California during the mid-nineteenth century. They reveal both the economic motivations that brought migrants west and the enduring emotional connections maintained with family members overseas.